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B0:, =02AB@5GC, 4>@>3>9 0C;L! @8 A5< ?@8;0305<0O =51>;LH0O ?>@F8O =5:>B>@>9 <0AAK, :>B>@0O 8A?@>1>20=0 4;O 2A5E 2>7<>6=KE ?>B@51=>AB59, A B0:>9 65 ;N1>2LN, A :0:>9 B515 55 ?>AK;05B "2>9</p><p> !5@45G=> ;N1OI89 B51O 54CH:0. </p><p> </p> <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478.  106.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 8AL<> =0?8A0=> ?>-=5<5F:8.</p><p> <br> <p><b>. . 5AB5;L  02;C, >@8AC, ;048<8@C 8 ;5:A0=4@C 5AB5;O<</b> </p> <p>. 53 >1. 04@5A>2:0: «>8< <8;K< 4@C7LO< >;N, >@8AC, >;> 8 ;5:A0=4@C 2 >A:2C». </p> <h5>C[0=:B-]5B5@1[C@3], 28 8N=O 1809</h5> <p>>8 4>@>385 45B8 >;L, >@8A, >;> 8 ;5:A0=4@! </p><p> 8HC 20< 2A5< G5B25@K<, <8;K5 4@C7LO, >4=> ?8AL<>, B0: :0: A53>4=O C <5=O =5B 2@5<5=8 =0?8A0BL G5BK@5 ?8AL<0, : B><C 65, ;N1O 2A5E G5B25@KE >48=0:>2>, <>3C ?8A0BL 20< >1 >4=>< 8 B>< 65.  @5645 2A53> =56=> 20A 1;03>40@N 70 20H8 <8;K5 ?8AL<0 >B 18-3> A53> <5AOF0 8 70 20H8 <=5 ?>65;0=8O ?> ?>2>4C <>53> 4=O @>645=8O. 0;5=L:85 ?>40@:8, :>B>@K5 2K <=5 >B?@028;8, 4@C7LO <>8, 4>AB028;8 <=5 >3@><=>5 C4>2>;LAB285, O =>HC 8E 2A5 2@5<O A A>1>9, B0:65 :0: 8 @8AC=>: <>53> 4>1@>3> ;5:A0=4@0, :>B>@K9 O ?>;>68; 2 ?>@BD5;L. 068< 4;O 45=53 <a href="013"><sup>13</sup></a>, DCB;O@ 4;O 7C1>G8AB>: <a href="014"><sup>14</sup></a> 8 1C:5B F25B>2 <a href="015"><sup>15</sup></a>. =8:>340 <5=O =5 ?>:8=CB. -B> 4@03>F5==K5 2>A?><8=0=8O > <>8E ;CGH8E 4@C7LOE, :>B>@K5 <=5 >G5=L->G5=L 4>@>38.  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C;02:0<a href="017"><sup>17</sup></a>, :>B>@CN 2K <=5 ?>A;0;8, 4>@>3>9 4@C3, >G5=L <8;0 8 459AB28B5;L=> 4>AB028;0 <=5 1>;LH>5 C4>2>;LAB285, O 1;03>40@N 20A 70 MB> >B 2A53> A5@4F0. //;. 53 'B> :0A05BAO 20A, 4>@>3>9 >@8A, 20H5 ?8AL<> 4>AB028;> <=5 B5< 1>;LH55 C4>2>;LAB285, GB> >=> 1K;> =0?8A0=> ;CGH5 2A5E ?@54H5AB2CNI8E, :>B>@K5 O ?>;CG0; >B 20A, 0 2AO:89 @07, :>340 O 286C 20H8 CA?5E8, O >G5=L @04CNAL. </p><p> 0H 1C<06=8: >G5=L <8; 8 >G5=L <=5 ?>;575=, B0: :0: O A@07C 65 ?>;>68; 2 =53> =5<=>3> 45=53, :>B>@K5 2A5340 8<5N ?@8 A515 4;O 1>AB>=0, 8 @8AC=>: ;5:A0=4@0.  / 20A 70 MB> 1;03>40@N, 8 @CAA:0O ?>A;>28F0 <i>G5< 1>30B  B5< 8 @04</i>(*2) <5=O >G5=L B@>=C;0, 8 O ?@868<0N 20A : A5@4FC, :>B>@>5 20A =56=> ;N18B. </p><p> "KAOG0 1;03>40@=>AB59 70 DCB;O@, 4>@>3>9 >;>. / =8:>340 A =8< =5 @0AAB0=CAL, :0: A 4>:070B5;LAB2>< B>9 F5==>AB8, :>B>@CN O ?@840N 20H5<C ?>40@:C, <>9 <8;K9 4@C3. / 8A?>;=N 20H5 ?>@CG5=85 !5@6C, :0: B>;L:> 53> C286C. # =53> 8 C 53> 1@0BL52 284 459AB28B5;L=> 1>;57=5==K9. >7<>6=>, BO65;>5 ?CB5H5AB285, :>B>@>5 >=8 A>25@H8;8, B><C ?@8G8=>9. !5@6 3>2>@8B B>;L:> ?>-=5<5F:8 8 >G5=L ?;>E>, 0;5=B8=<a href="018"><sup>18</sup></a> =5 3>2>@8B =8 A;>20 8 =5 AB>8B C25@5==> =0 =>30E. </p><p> "0: :0: O =5 C<5N ?8A0BL AB8E8, 4>@>3>9 ;5:A0=4@, O >B25G0N =0 20H8 ?@>7>9. / 1;03>40@N 20A 70 =8E 8 70 ?@5;5AB=K9 1C:5B, :>B>@K9 8E A>?@>2>640;. / >G0@>20= B5<, GB> //;. 53 >1. GB> 2K ?8H5B5 B5?5@L ;CGH5, G5< @0=LH5, :>340 2K B>;L:> ?@81K;8 2 >A:2C. 0H :C75= ;5:A0=4@ <a href="019"><sup>19</sup></a> ?>H;5B 20< A:>@> A2>9 =51>;LH>9 02B>?>@B@5B, AC4O ?> B><C, GB> >= <=5 A:070;, => O 5<C >1 MB>< =0?><=N.  / @04 2A5< 20< A;C68BL, <>8 <8;K5 45B8.  >:0 65 O 20A =56=> >1=8<0N 8 1;03>A;>2;ON 2A5< A5@4F5<. </p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>5AL 20H .</i></b></div> <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 477. '. 1. 0?. 1. ;. 52  53 >1.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 "5:AB :C@A82><  ?>-=5<5F:8. </p><p> *2 "5:AB :C@A82><  ?>-@CAA:8.</p><p> </p>*<p> <p><a name="013"><sup>13</sup></a>865 B>B 65 ?>40@>: =0720= «1C<06=8:><». >-2848<><C, @5GL 845B > 1C<06=8:5 A 7068<><. <a href="https://fotki.yandex.ru/next/users/kemenkiri/album/505517/view/1142210">@8<5@ AB0@8==>3> 7068<0</a></p><p> <a name="014"><sup>14</sup></a> B> 2@5<O 8 7C1>G8AB:8, 8 DCB;O@K 4;O =8E 873>B>2;O;8AL 87 <5B0;;0 8 C:@0H0;8AL, ?@54AB02;OO A>1>9 ?@>872545=8O 45:>@0B82=>-?@8:;04=>3> 8A:CAAB20. <a href="https://fotki.yandex.ru/next/users/kemenkiri/album/505517/view/1142209">@8<5@ AB0@8==>3> DCB;O@0 4;O 7C1>G8AB>:</a></p> </p><p> <a name="015"><sup>15</sup></a>&25BK  B>G=55, :0: 284=> 87 40;L=59H53> ?8AL<0  @8AC=>: 1C:5B0 F25B>2, A>?@>2>6405<K9 AB8E>B2>@5=85<, - ?>40@>: 2 4CE5 ;5:A0=4@0, :>B>@K9 ?@>4>;605B @8A>20BL.</p><p> <a name="016"><sup>16</sup></a>>@8A ;048<8@>28G 5AB5;L CG0AB2>20; 2 !5<8;5B=59 2>9=5. 0: ?8H5B 2 A2>8E 70?8A:0E 53> >B5F, >= «CG0AB2>20; 2> 2A5E A@065=8OE» 8 ?>4 $@0=:DC@B>< 1K; BO65;> @0=5= 2 3@C4L, ?>A;5 G53> 2KH5; 2 >BAB02:C 8 ?>ABC?8; 2 >A:25 =0 3@0640=A:CN A;C61C. 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">G=0O 40B0 55 A<5@B8 =58725AB=0, => 87 :>=B5:AB0 MB>3> 8 4@C38E ?8A5< ?>=OB=>, GB> MB> ?@>87>H;> ?>A;5 >BJ5740 45B59 87 5@<0=88.</p><p> <p><a name="021"><sup>21</sup></a> 5GL 845B > :>=D8@<0F8>==>< >15I0=88.</p><p> </p> <br> <p><b>. . 5945;L, !. 5945;L  02;C 5AB5;N</b>(*1) </p> <h5>>A:20, 6 45:01@O 1809</h5> <p>06=0O 687=5==0O M?>E0, 4>@>3>9 0C;L, :>B>@CN K =0G0;8, ?@83>2>@8B =0A, 2>7<>6=>, =04>;3>, 2>7<>6=>, =02A5340, ;8HL : ?8AL<5==><C >1I5=8N<a href="022"><sup>22</sup></a>. 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A0<0 =0?8A0BL 0< ?0@C AB@>:. K >10 645< ?>4@>1=>AB59, :>B>@K5 K >15I0;8 =0< > ?CB5H5AB288 <0;5=L:8E 5>=BL52KE, 8 A;020 =51C, GB> 154=K5 45B8 E>BL B0: >B45;0;8AL! 0< ?>72>;ONB =045OBLAO, 8E 4>1@K9 4O4O C2848BAO 745AL A <?5@0B>@>< <a href="025"><sup>25</sup></a>. >O @04>ABL ?@8 MB>9 <KA;8 =5>?8AC5<0.</p><p> A:>@>AB8 <8;K9 0C;L 2K?>;=8B 5I5 >4=C <>N ?@>AL1C  0 8<5==> ?>4@>1=> ?8A0BL <=5 > A2>5< 4>AB>9=>< BF5, > 53> 74>@>2L5, 8 =0E>48B5 ;8 K 53> ?>A;5 4-;5B=59 @07;C:8 C65 87<5=82H8<AO. #25@LB5 53>, GB>1K 40BL 5<C ?@54AB02;5=85 > <0AHB015 <>59 ?@82O70==>AB8, GB> O ;N1;N 53> =5 <5=LH5, G5< 0C;L, 0 C6 >=-B> ?@540= 5<C 4CH>9 8 B5;><, =5 B0: ;8? 'B> ?CB5H5AB285 0H59 <8;>9 <0<5=L:8 >:070;>AL AB>;L <i>CB><8B5;L=K<,</i>(*2) 1K;> A>25@H5==> ?@>B82 =0H8E >6840=89  81> <K 2A5 =045O;8AL, GB> >B 42865=8O 8 A<5=K >1AB0=>2:8 55 74>@>2L5 2K83@05B. A;8 1K 2 A;54CNI5< ?8AL<5 K <>3;8 A>>1I8BL =0< 1>;55 E>@>H85 =>2>AB8! / 70:0=G820N ?8AL<>, ?>B><C GB> 4;O <>59 !>D8 4>;6=> >AB0BLAO 5I5 =5<=>3> <5AB0. !5@45G=>, A5@45G=> >1=8<05B 0A 0H ?@540==K9 4@[C3] </p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>5945;L.</i></b></div> <p><b>!>DLO 5945;L</b> </p> <p> <i>5 =094O 1>;55 <5AB0, O <>3C ;8HL ?>1;03>40@8BL 0A 70 0H ?@825B <=5 8 <>59 <0;5=L:>9 875BB5  <K >15 >1=8<05< 0A A A0<>9 A5@45G=>9 4@C61>9  >B25G09B5 =0< B5< 65.</i>(*4) <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478. ;. 48  49 >1.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 8AL<> =0?8A0=> ?>-=5<5F:8.</p><p> *2 "5:AB :C@A82>< =0?8A0= ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> *3 !;>2> =0?8A0=> ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> *4 @8?8A:0 !>DL8 5945;L  ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> </p>*<p> <p><a name="022"><sup>22</sup></a> :>=FC 1809 3. 025; A <0B5@LN >B?@028;AO 2 5B5@1C@3, 345 B0: 8 =0E>48;AO 20= >@8A>28G. 5@5574 1K; A2O70= A ?@54AB>OI8< ?>ABC?;5=85< 2 065A:89 :>@?CA. @8 MB>< 2A5 ?@>G85 1@0BLO 02;0 >AB020;8AL 2 >A:25 (A 454><, B5BCH:0<8 8 5945;5<), 4065 ;048<8@, :>B>@><C B>65 ?@54AB>O;> ?>ABC?8BL BC40 65, ?@85E0; ?>765.</p><p> <p><a name="023"><sup>23</sup></a>"> 5ABL ;8ABK A @8AC=:0<8 ;5:A0=4@0.</p><p> <p><a name="024"><sup>24</sup></a>!C?@C30 .. 5945;O, !>DLO. !C4O ?> B><C, GB> : :>=FC 1809 3. 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(C@=0; ?>A5I5=8O >A:2K 53> 8<?5@0B>@A:8< 25;8G5AB2>< ;5:A0=4@>< I 8 :@0B:>3> 53> ?@51K20=8O 2 A5< ?5@2>?@5AB>;L=>< 3@045 2 1809 3>4C. - ., 1810.) !C4O ?> «C@=0;C», >= ?>A5B8; B50B@, ><<5@G5A:>5 CG8;8I5, #=825@A8B5B, A;C61C 2 #A?5=A:>< A>1>@5 8 @O4 >154>2.</p><p> </p> <br> <p><b>.. 5945;L  02;C 5AB5;N</b>(*1) </p> <p>4@5A>2:0: <i>«>5<C 4>@>3><C >;N».</i> </p> <h5>>A:20, 23 [45:01@O (*2)]1809</h5> <p>=>2L @07@078;0AL A8;L=0O 3@>70, 4>@>3>9 0C;L  :>B>@0O =0A 2A5E 2AB@52>68;0 2 MB>B @07 1>;LH5, G5< 2 B>B, ?@8 =0G0;5 20H53> <>@A:>3> ?CB5H5AB28O. !;020 =51C, A>3;0A=> ?>A;54=8< A>>1I5=8O< >B 0H59 4@0609H59 <0<5=L:8, K =0 ?CB8 : 2K74>@>2;5=8N<a href="030"><sup>30</sup></a>, 8 2>8AB8=C =8:B> =5 <>65B @04>20BLAO MB><C 1>;55 G5< O 8 0H0 A5AB@0 !>D8<a href="031"><sup>31</sup></a>.</p><p> K 4>;6=K, 5A;8 K 5I5 //;. 46 >1. =5 1K;8, =0AB>;L:> 65 C25@8BLAO 2 =0H5< CG0AB88, =0A:>;L:> K <=5 MB> 2K:07K20;8, 0 0H5 A5@4F5 2 A>AB>O=88 @0745;8BL GC2AB20 <>53> A5@4F0 2> 2A5<, GB> :0A05BAO @04>AB=>3> 8;8 ?5G0;L=>3>, A 0<8 ?@>8AE>4OI53>. 0H0 :@5?:0O :>=AB8BCF8O A:;>=O5B <5=O : <KA;8 > 0H5< A:>@>< 8 ?>;=>< 2K74>@>2;5=88. 0: B>;L:> K A<>65B5 27OBL ?5@> 2 @C:8, K A0<8 <5=O //;. 47 2 MB>< C25@8B5, =5 ?@0240 ;8, 4>@>3>9 4@C3. / >1=8<0N 0A C65 70@0=55 8 157> 2AO:89 ?>I04K AB>;L A8;L=>, A:>;L:> K <>65B5 2K45@60BL. 0H8 1@0BLO, 5A;8 1K K 1K;8 A =8<8, ?>A;54>20;8 2A5 MB><C ?@8<5@C, 8 >=8 459AB28B5;L=> ?>425@3;8AL 1K >?0A=>AB8, :>340 1K 3@><:85 A5@45G=K5 87;8O=8O 1K;8 ?>402;5=K. 02B@0 25G5@>< <K B>@65AB25==> 2K?L5< 70 0H5 74>@>2L5. 0H 35=89 >B:;8:=5BAO. 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A5 65;0NB, GB>1K K 2 ?>;=>< 74@0288 8A?>;=8;8 G0O=8O 20H8E 4>AB>GB8<KE @>48B5;59, >?@024K20O B> 4>25@85, :0:>5 ?8B0NB : 20< >=8 8 0H8 4@C7LO.</p><p> !>D8 >G5=L AB@0405B A53>4=O >B A2>59 @0=K  3[>A?>48=]= 4[>:B>@]@ 5<0= <a href="032"><sup>32</sup></a> A8;L=> ?@8653 55 ;O?8A>< <a href="033"><sup>33</sup></a>, 8 >E>B=> >=0 =0?8A0;0 1K 0< ?0@C A;>2, GB>1K 2K@078BL A2>N @04>ABL ?> ?>2>4C 0H53> 2K74>@>2;5=8O. 8:0:85 AB@040=8O =5 <>3CB A45;0BL [:;O:A0]. =0 >1=8<05B 0A, <8;K9 0C;L, :0: 8 O, C25@ONI89 20A, GB> ?>A;5 20H8E @>48B5;59 =8:B> =5 2 A>AB>O=88 ;N18BL 20A 8A:@5==55, G5< </p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>0H 4@[C]3 (*3) 5945;L.</i></b></div> <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478.  46  47 >1.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 8AL<> =0?8A0=> ?>-=5<5F:8, 04@5A>2:0 ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> *2  ?>4;8==8:5 <5AOF >1>7=0G5= @8<A:>9 F8D@>9, =5@071>@G82> =0?8A0==>9 8 ?5@5?@02;5==>9. @>GB5=85 ?@54?>;>68B5;L=>5. </p><p> *3 A>15==>ABLN ?@02>?8A0=8O 5945;O O2;ONBAO «0@E08G5A:85», 2>A5<=04F0B825G=K5 5I5, A>:@0I5=8O, ?@8 :>B>@KE >?CA:0NBAO 3;0A=K5. !;>2> «4@C3» >= 2A5340 ?8H5B «4@3», 745AL 8 40;55 A>:@0I5=8O @0A:@K20NBAO 8 >3>20@820NBAO. </p>*<p> <p><a name="030"><sup>30</sup></a> 5GL 845B > :0:>9-B> 4>AB0B>G=> A5@L57=>9 1>;57=8 02;0 2A:>@5 ?> ?@81KB88 2 5B5@1C@3./p><p> <p><a name="031"><sup>31</sup></a>".5. 65=0 .. 5945;O.</p><p> <p><a name="032"><sup>32</sup></a> 5<0= A8? A8?>28G  2@0G, 7=0:><K9 A5<59AB20 5AB5;59. !<. > =5< ?>4@>1=55 ?@8<5G0=8O : ?8AL<0< 1805  1808 33., ?@8<. 54 : 53> AB8E>B2>@5=8N «# <>38;K >=AB0=B8=0» (<a href="http://kemenkiri.narod.ru/gaaz/perepiska3.htm">!5<59=0O ?5@5?8A:0 5AB5;59. 1805-1808 33.).</p><p> <p><a name="033"><sup>33</sup></a>O?8A  07>B=>:8A;>5 A5@51@>, E8<8G5A:>5 A>548=5=85 2 2845 15AF25B=KE, @0AB2>@8<KE 2 2>45 :@8AB0;;>2. ! XVII 2. 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 <548F8=5 4;O ?@86830=8O 8 AB5@8;870F88 @0=.</p><p> </p> <br> <p><b>1810</p></b> <br> <p><b>>@8A ;048<8@>28G 5AB5;L  20=C >@8A>28GC 5AB5;N</b>(*1) </p> <h5>>A:20, 6 O=2[0@O] 1810</h5> <p>>9 ;N18<59H89 AK=! !=>20 @04>AB=>5 8725AB85. >-F0@A:8 45@68B 4>1@K9 >AC40@L 40==>5 B515 =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52 =0704 >15I0=85, GB> BK 4>2>;L=K< ?>545HL 87 5B5@1C@30 <a href="034"><sup>34</sup></a>. CABL = 74@02AB2C5B. K 4>;6=K A 1;03>40@=>ABLN =0A;0640BLAO 40@0<8, :>B>@K5 ?>AK;05B =0< 3>A?>4L, >4=0:> <u>=5 7;>C?>B@51;OBL 8<8.</u> ;87[025B5] 20=[>2=5] F5;CN ?> 25=A:><C >1KG0N @CG:C 70 55 <8;CN <i>?@8?8A:0 </i>(*2) 8 4>@>3><C 0C;N O 65;0; 1K ?5@540BL GC2AB20 <>53> >1@04>20==>3> A5@4F0. 'B> 8<5==> O GC2AB2CN, B@C4=> ?5@540BL A;>20<8. "K ?>?@028;AO, >A?>48! ?CABL = E@0=8B B51O : =0H59 >1I59 @04>AB8. CABL >2K9 3>4 1C45B : B515 1;03>A:;>=5= 8 ?@>872545B B51O 2 ?068<a href="035"><sup>35</sup></a>.(*3) B 2A5E <>8E @>4=KE A5@45G=K9 ?@825B. >A?>4L A=>20 ?>40@8; =0< 5BB8<a href="036"><sup>36</sup></a>. B0:, A:>@> O C286C B51O, [20=0] [>@8A>28G0] 8 [;87025BC] [20=>2=C] 2 >A:25. ">-B> >1@04C5BAO 0H ?@540==> ;N1OI89 B5F </p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>5AB5;L.</i></b></div> <h4>  $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478. . 108. </h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 8AL<> =0?8A0=> ?>-=5<5F:8.</p><p> *2 !;>2> =0?8A0=> ?>-@CAA:8.</p><p> *3  >@838=0;5 D@0=FC7A:>5 «Lieutenant». </p>*<p> <p><a name="034"><sup>34</sup></a>  D>@<C;O@=>< A?8A:5 .. 5AB5;O >BACBAB2CNB 40==K5 > :0:8E-B> =03@040E, ?>60;>20=8OE 8 ?>2KH5=8OE 2 MB> 2@5<O. >7<>6=>, @5GL 845B >1 >15I0=88 70G8A;8BL 02;0 8 ;048<8@0 2 065A:89 :>@?CA.</p><p> <p><a name="035"><sup>35</sup></a>C:20;L=> «2 ;59B5=0=BK». >-2848<><C, >@8A ;048<8@>28G =5B25@4> ?@54AB02;O;, :0: >1>7=0G8BL 1C4CI55 720=85 2=C:0. 025; 5AB5;L 1K; ?@8=OB 2 065A:89 :>@?CA 2 8N=5 B>3> 65 3>40.</p><p> <p><a name="036"><sup>36</sup></a> 5GL 845B, ?>-2848<><C, > 2K74>@>2;5=88 >B :0:>9-B> 1>;57=8 5BB8 (;87025BK) 8;;8=3A, 4>G5@8 >A8D0 8;;8=3A0 8 :0B5@8=K >@8A>2=K, C@>645==>9 5AB5;L. !<. > =59 ?@8<5G0=85 22 : ?8AL<C >B 23 >:BO1@O/4 =>O1@O 1805 3.(<a href="http://kemenkiri.narod.ru/gaaz/perepiska3.htm">!5<59=0O ?5@5?8A:0 5AB5;59. 1805-1808 33.</p><p> </p> <br> <p><b>.. 5945;L  02;C 5AB5;N</b>(*1) </p> <p>. 54 >1. 4@5A>2:0  ?>-D@0=FC7A:8: <i>«>5<C 4@C3C >;N 5AB5;N».</i> </p> <h5>>A:20, 10 O=20@O 1810 </h5> <p>I5 @07, 4>@>3>9 0C;L, ?>74@02;ON 0A A 2K74>@>2;5=85< 8 A >2K< >4><  <564C B5< O 0A 2 B> 65 2@5<O A5@45G=> 1;03>40@N 70 0H5 CG0AB85 2 AB@040=8OE <>59 AC?@C38. CABL 1K <>3 MB>B AB>;L 206=K9 >2K9 >4 4;O 0A B0:8< >1@07>< 70:>=G8BLAO, - GB>1K K 2 :>=F5 MB>3> 3>40 A 0H8<8 4>@>38<8 @>48B5;O<8 GC2AB2>20;8 G8AB59HCN, A;04G09HCN @04>ABL, 2K720==CN CA?5E>< 0H8E CAB@5<;5=89. / =045NAL =0 MB>  81> O 7=0N 0H5 A5@4F5, :>B>@>5 CAB0=>28B =08;CGH85 @5H5=8O. 0H8 1@0BLO, :0: K C7=05B5 87 8E ?8A5<, GC2AB2CNB A51O E>@>H>, 8 ;5:A0=4@ ;N18B 0A, //;. 53 >1. - 54 :0: 8 >=8, 2A5 G0AB> > 0A 3>2>@OB! 0:0O MB> 1C45B @04>ABL  5A;8 2K >4=064K 2=>2L C2848B5AL, 8 B0:65 4;O <5=O 8 !>D8, 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 =0H5 65;0=85 4>;6=> ?@>AB8@0BLAO 40;55, G5< ;8HL =0 :>@>B:>5 2@5<O. / ?>;030N, AB@>5=85 =0H8E >1>N4=KE A0<>GC2AB289 A;8H:>< ?>H0B=C;>AL 2> 2A5< A2>5< >A=>20=88, GB>1K <=5 5I5 ?>72>;5=> 1K;> =045OBLAO =0 <=>3>5.</p><p> >4C<09B5  3 >?5@0F88, 0 2=5H=89 284 !>D8 A> 2->9 AB0=>28BAO 2A5 EC65 8 EC65. [>:B>]@ 5<0= ?@8E>48B : =0< =5 A;8H:>< G0AB>  >= :0: @07 A:070; <=5, GB> !>D8 A=>20 ?>?@028BAO  >4=0:> O B0:65 7=0N ?> >?KBC, GB> >= =5 2A5340 ?@O<> 2KA:07K205B A2>5 <=5=85. / 4@>60; =5402=> 70 ;5:A0=4@0 8 OA=> 2845;, :0: >= AB0@05BAO A:@KBL A2>N B@52>3C >B 0H59 <8;>9, C65 AB>;L <=>3> ?5@5=5AH59, <0B5@8. K 4>;6=K 2A53> >6840BL >B 25A=K. "0:65 8 4;O 0A O ?@>HC C 510 ?@5:@0A=59H8E >1=>2;ONI8E :> 2A5<C 4>1@><C A>;=5G=KE ;CG59 @04>AB=>3> 1C4CI53>!  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B5F  >A8D >@5=359< (1759-1797), 0:CH5@ 8 >:C;8AB, ?@0:B8:>20; 8 ?@5?>4020; 2 5B5@1C@35, 1K; ?@842>@=K< <548:>< (?@8=8<0; @>4K C 8<?5@0B@8FK 0@88 $54>@>2=K).</p><p> !K= .. >@5=359<0, @BC@ 02;>28G >@5=359< (1824-1906), :0: 8 >B5F, 1K; 48?;><0B><, ?>A;0==8:>< 2 0=88, 70B5< ?>A;>< >AA89A:>9 8<?5@88 2 5;8:>1@8B0=88 8 $@0=F88.</p><p> >-2848<><C, .. 5945;L, 0 ?@5645 2A53>  A5<59AB20 5>=BL52KE 8 5AB5;59, <>3;8 ?>7=0:><8BLAO A =8< 2 @5745=5 (A<. C?><8=0=85 2 A;54CNI5< ?8AL<5). "0< .. >@35=359< <>3 =0E>48BLAO, AC4O ?> 2A5<C, 2<5AB5 A> A2>8< =0G0;L=8:>< - @CAA:8< ?>A;0==8:>< 2 04@845 .. !B@>30=>2K<: >15 D0<8;88 C?><8=05B 2 >4=>< ?8AL<5 @O4>< =5<5F:89 48?;><0B $@84@8E D>= 5=F. >>1I5 5=F =5>4=>:@0B=> C?><8=05B >@35=359<0 2 A2>59 <a href="http://gentz-digital.ub.uni-koeln.de/portal/databases/id/gentzdigital/titles/id/677.html?l=en">?5@5?8A:5</a> 2 1806  1808 33.</p><p>  2 @5745=A:>< 4@5A-:0;5=40@5 1809 3. A@548 8=>AB@0=F52, 682CI8E 2 3>@>45, =0720= «3>A?>48= -@=AB 10@>= D>= >@5=359<, @CAA:89 ?>A;0==8:». >A:>;L:C =8:0:>3> 8=>3> G5;>25:0 A B0:>9 D0<8;859 =5B =0 @CAA:>9 48?;><0B8G5A:>9 A;C615 2 MB> 2@5<O, ?>-2848<><C, @5GL 845B > B>< 65 G5;>25:5. «-@=AB» <>3;> 1KBL 53> 2B>@K< 8<5=5<.</p><p> </p><p> </p> <br> <p><b>.. 5945;L  02;C 5AB5;N</b>(*1) </p> <p>. 56 >1. 4@5A>2:0  ?>-D@0=FC7A:8: <i>«>A?>48=C >;N 5AB5;N».</i> </p> <h5>[>A:20], 3 D52@[0;O] 1810</h5> <p>E>B=>, 4>@>3>9 0C;L, 65;0; 1K O 1KBL 2 @53C;O@=>9 8;8 E>BO 1K 25AL<0 CA5@4=>9 ?5@5?8A:5 <564C =0<8, 8 E>BO <K 10 2?>;=5 <>65< 8=>340 ?@5=51@5GL 8;8 <0=:8@>20BL >B25B><, =0A =5 4>;6=> MB> >B?C3=CBL 8 2 >A>15==>AB8 =5 22>48BL 2 701;C645=85 >B=>A8B5;L=> >1>N4=>3> 4>25@8O 4@C3 : 4@C3C. / AB@0HCAL MB>3> >B=N4L =5 >B 0A, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: O C15645=, GB> 5A;8 <>;G0=85 <>53> 4@C30 0C;O =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O =5 ?@5@K205BAO, B> MB> 4>;6=> ?@8?8A0BL 8=K< ?@8G8=0<, => =5 >E;0645=8N 4@C61K, :>B>@0O >A=>20=0 =0 2AN 687=L. 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B0:, <=5 B0:65 8 2 5<0=5 ?@8H;>AL >1<0=CBLAO, MB> GC2AB28B5;L=59H89 C40@  B5< =5 <5=55 O 1K 53> ?@5>4>;5;, 5A;8 1K <>O 154=0O !>D8 //;;. 55 >1.  56 =5 ?>AB@040;0 1K >B MB>3> 1>;LH5 2A53>! 0 1C45B C3>4=> 51C, GB>1K K =8:>340 =5 ?>2B>@8;8 <>9 >?KB, GB>1K K A 20H8<8 ?@5:@0A=K<8 7040B:0<8 AB0;8 >4=064K AB>;L 65 AG0AB;82K, :0: O 0< MB>3> 65;0N, 8 O 2 >A>15==>AB8 ?@>HC 4;O 0A C 510 2 45=L @>64[5=8O] 0H53> ?@52>AE>4=59H53> >BF0: 40 AC<55B5 K >4=064K AB0BL B0:8<, :0:8< K <>65B5, 8 1KBL 3>@4>ABLN 8 @04>ABLN 0H53> B5G5AB20!</p><p> 065BAO, GB> K =587156=> ?>?045B5 2 065A:89 :>@?[CA]  GB> 6, C40G8 0<: K A>945B5AL A <u>;CGH8<8</u> 87 0H8E =>2KE B>20@8I59, 0 ?>A:>;L:C 2 B>;?5 <>;>4KE ;N459 B@C4=> =09B8 >1@075F 4;O ?>4@060=8O, 8715309B5 B5E, :><C ?>4@060BL =5 A;54C5B. 0H5 A5@4F5 8 @07C< 2 A>AB>O=88 20A ?@54>AB5@5GL. >9 A>25B >AB0=5BAO 2A5 B5< 65, ?@8<:=CBL : :0:><C-;81> 4>AB>9=><C ?@>D5AA>@C 8 >?KB=><C A>25BG8:C.</p><p> 848B5 ;8 K 0@KH:8=0 <a href="039"><sup>39</sup></a> G0I5  :;0=O9B5AL 5<C >B <5=O ;N157=>, B0:65 8 4@C38< A>>B5G5AB25==8:0<, :>B>@KE <K 2845;8 2 @5745=5, => ?@5645 2A53>  =0H5<C <8;><C ?@52>AE>4=><C 4@C3C 5>=BL52C, :0: 8 53> 45BO<. K205B ;8 >@35=359< G0AB> C 0A?</p><p> / ?>-?@56=5<C 25AL<0 6045= C7=0BL > 40;L=59H8E ?>4@>1=>ABOE 0H53> 40;L=59H53> >1CG5=8O: B0: K 2>>1I5 <5=O =5 <>65B5 1>;55 >1@04>20BL, G5< ?>4@>1=>ABO<8 >1> 2A5<, GB> 0A :0A05BAO. !G8B0NBAO ;8 <8=5@0;>38O 8 ;0BK=L 87;8H=8<8?  / A 25;8:8< C4>2>;LAB285< ?@>4>;60; 1K 2 B>< 65 @>45, 5A;8 1K =5 >6840; 2 MB>B <><5=B ?>A5I5=8O, 0 8<5==>  E8@C@30, :>B>@K9 2 @070 5654=[52=>] ?5@52O7K205B <>N 154=CN 65=C.</p><p> !5@45G=> >1=8<0N 0A, B0:65 8 >B 8<5=8 <0;5=L:89 -;L7K, :>B>@0O A :064K< 4=5< AB0=>28BAO 2A5 <8;55 8 70102=55.</p><p> 587<5==></p><p> 0H 8A:@5==89 4@C3 </p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>5945;L.</i></b></div> <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478. ;. 55 - 56.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 8AL<> =0?8A0=> ?>-=5<5F:8, 04@5A>2:0  ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> </p>*<p> <p><a name="038"><sup>38</sup>!=>20 C?><8=05BAO 1C@O, ?5@568B0O 02;><, ;048<8@>< 8 5945;5< =0 <>@A:>< ?CB8 2 5@<0=8N. (>E>65, >=0 :@5?:> 70?><=8;0AL 2A5< 8<.)</a></p><p> <p><a name="039"><sup>39</sup></a>!;>6=> B>G=> >?@545;8BL, :B> 8<5==> 87 <=>3>G8A;5==KE ?@54AB028B5;59 @>40 0@KH:8=KE <>3 >1I0BLAO A 1@0BLO<8 5AB5;O<8 8 5945;5< 2 @5745=5 8 70B5< 2 5B5@1C@35. 7 :>=B5:AB0 C?><8=0=89 2 ?8AL<0E 5945;O 284=>, GB> @5GL 845B > G5;>25:5 27@>A;><, =>, 2848<>, 4>AB0B>G=> <>;>4><, A :>B>@K< <>3 >1I0BLAO =5 B>;L:> 5945;L, => 8 A0< 025;.  ?5@5?8A:5 =5<5F:8E 48?;><0B>2 MB>3> 2@5<5=8 A@548 >18B0B5;59 @5745=0 8 "5?;8F0 C?><8=0NBAO «0@KH:8=K» 2> <=>65AB25==>< G8A;5. <a href="http://gentz-digital.ub.uni-koeln.de/portal/databases/id/gentzdigital/titles/id/677.html?l=en">( http://gentz-digital.ub.uni-koeln.de/portal/databases/id/gentzdigital/titles/id/677.html?l=en )</a> </p><p> >7<>6=>, 2 284C 8<55BAO 8@8;; ;5:A0=4@>28G 0@KH:8= (1786-1838). ! 1805 3. >= G8A;8;AO ?@8 >;;5388 8=>AB@0==KE 45;, 8 2 1805-1806 33. >B?@028;AO 2 8B09 A ?>A>;LAB2><, :>B>@>5 2>73;02;O; 53> 4O4O ... >;>2:8=. 8AA8O 1K;0 =5C40G=>9, 8 : 45:01@N 1806 3. ?>A>;LAB2> 25@=C;>AL 2 5B5@1C@3 (... >;>2:8= ?>A;5 MB>3> C5E0; =0 10 ;5B 70 3@0=8FC). .. 0@KH:8= ?@>4>;60; G8A;8BLAO ?@8 >;;5388 157 >?@545;5==>9 4>;6=>AB8 4> 1812 3.</p><p> "0:65 2 284C <>3;8 8<5BLAO, =0?@8<5@, 1@0BLO 20= 0A8;L528G (1779 1818) 8 <8B@89 0A8;L528G (1792 1831) 0@KH:8=K, AK=>2LO 35=5@0;-<09>@0 .!. 0@KH:8=0, A:>=G02H53>AO 2 1800 3. > <0B5@8 1K;8 2 @>4AB25 A >@>=F>2K<8. =8 ?>4E>4OB 2 :0G5AB25 2>7<>6=KE 7=0:><KE :0: ?> 2>7@0ABC, B0: 8 ?> :@C3C >1I5=8O. >7<>6=>, @5GL 845B > :0:8E-B> 4@C38E ?@54AB028B5;OE MB>3> <=>3>G8A;5==>3> A5<59AB20. </p><p> </p> <br> <br> <p><b>.. 5945;L  02;C 5AB5;N</b>(*1) </p> <p>. 62 >1. 4@5A>2:0 ?>-D@0=FC7A:8: <i>«>5<C 4@C3C >;N».</i> </p> <h5>>A:20, 2 <0@B0 [1810]</h5> <p>!:>;L >E>B=> O ?@>G5; 1K ?0@C AB@>: >B <>53> 4>@>3>3> 4@C30 0C;O, AB>;L 65 >E>B=> O 1C4C 2A5 65 >B MB>3> >B:07K20BLAO B0: 4>;3>, ?>:0 CA5@4=0O CG510 8 <0;>5 2@5<O, >B?CI5==>5 =0 >B4KE, <5H0NB 5<C ?@540BLAO ?8A0=8N ?8A5<.</p><p> / A;KH0; >B 0H59 3>A?>68 <0B5@8, GB> 0H8 =>2K5 CG8B5;O 4>2>;L=K 20H8< CA5@485<, 8 K 845B5 =02AB@5GC ?@5:@0A=>9 F5;8! 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G5ABL 20H8< ?>43>B>28B5;L=K< C@>:0< 8 A2>8< =5?>:>;518<K< CA5@485< 2>7=03@06405B 20H8E ?@55<=8:>2!  =5402=> ?>;CG5==>< ?8AL<5 87 @5745=0 4[>:B>]@ @0C75<a href="040"><sup>40</sup></a> 8 4[>:B>]@ C@:0@4B<a href="041"><sup>41</sup></a> 25AL<0 A>GC2AB25==> A?@02;O;8AL > 0A: <i>:AB0B8</i> (*3) , 2K A;CG09=> =5 2AB@5G0;8 <;04H53> (B>D@535=0<a href="042"><sup>42</sup></a>? A;8 K 53>, @02=> :0: 8 53> >BF0, 4>;6=K 1C45B5 C2845BL, ?@825BAB2C9B5 A5@45G=> >B <>53> 8<5=8. //;. 61</p><p> >O 65=0, :>B>@0O 2A5 5I5 AB@0405B >B A2>59 @0=K, 4@C65A:8 ?@825BAB2C5B 0A 8 0H53> 1@0B0 >;><a href="043"><sup>43</sup></a>: <i>870=L:0</i>(*4) @0728205BAO ?@5;5AB=K< >1@07><  >4=0:> 2 ?>A;54=85 425 =545;8 C =55 <=>3> E;>?>B A 7C10<8, 0 GB> O A0< 1K; >4=C =545;N 1>;5= 8 4> A8E ?>@ 25AL<0 A8;L=> :0H;ON, >;> 20< @0AA:070;. A;8 O >:>=G0B5;L=> ?>B5@ON A2>5 74>@>2L5, B> //;. 61 >1. MB> 2?>;=5 5AB5AB25==>, B5< =5 <5=55 2> 2AO:>5 2@5<O <>5 CG0AB85 2 0H5< 1;03>?>;CG88 ?@81C45B =587<5==K<. A;8 K, :0: O 2 B>< C25@5=, 2@5<O >B 2@5<5=8 2A?><8=05B5 > =0H8E 15A540E 8 @8AC5B5 2 A2>5< 2>>1@065=88 0H53> 4@C30, B> 2A:>@>AB8 K A>15@5B5AL =0?8A0BL 5<C @04CNI55 A;>25G:>.</p><p> B 2A53> A5@4F0 </p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>0A 25@=> ;N1OI89 4@[C3] 5945;L</i></b></div> <p>1=8<8B5 >;> >B <>53> 8<5=8. </p> <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478. ;. 59  61 >1.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 8AL<> =0?8A0=> ?>-=5<5F:8, 04@5A>2:0 ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> *2 "5:AB :C@A82><  ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> *3 "5:AB :C@A82><  ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> *4 !;>2> =0?8A0=> ?>-@CAA:8</p><p> </p>*<p> <p><a name="040"><sup>40</sup></a>0@; $@84@8E @0C75 (1781-1832)  =5<5F:89 D8;>A>D-8450;8AB, ?@>4>;60B5;L CG5=8O 0=B0, ?KB02H89AO A>548=8BL 2 A2>59 D8;>A>DA:>9 A8AB5<5 B587< 8 ?0=B587<. =0G8B5;L=CN 8725AB=>ABL (?@0240, 2 >A=>2=>< =5 C =53> =0 @>48=5) ?>;CG8;> 53> CG5=85 > 5AB5AB25==>< ?@025 8 2A5<8@=>< A>N75 =0@>4>2 :0: F5;8 @0728B8O G5;>25G5AB20.</p><p> #G8;AO 2 5=A:>< C=825@A8B5B5 C $8EB5 8 (5;;8=30.  1802 3. @0C75 >:>=G8; C=825@A8B5B A> 720=85< ?@820B-4>F5=B0.  1805  1813 33. 68; 2 @5745=5; 2 4@5A-:0;5=40@5 >= 7=0G8BAO :0: G0AB=K9 CG8B5;L, ?@5?>40NI89 D8;>A>D8N 8 <0B5<0B8:C. ! 1809 3. ?@5?>4020; 2 =65=5@=>9 0:045<88 35>3@0D8N, :0@B>3@0D8N 8 =5<5F:89 O7K:. ?>A;54AB288 ?@5?>4020; D8;>A>D8N 2 5@;8=5, 5BB8=35=5 8 N=E5=5.  1806 3. @0C75 ?8H5B >BFC, GB> «?>7=0:><8;AO A 3>A?>48=>< =042>@=K< A>25B=8:>< 5945;5< 87 >A:2K, G5;>25:>< A 1>;LH8< >?KB>< 8 ?@52>AE>4=K< A5@4F5<; ?@8 =5< 420 AK=0 3C15@=0B>@0 !818@8, >= 4>;65= CAB@>8BL 8E 40;L=59H55 2>A?8B0=85». > ?5@2>=0G0;L=>9 4>3>2>@5==>AB8 >= ?@5?>4020; 8< <0B5<0B8:C, 70B5<, AC4O ?> C?><8=0=8N 2 >4=>< 87 ?>A;54CNI8E ?8A5< .. 5945;O  B0:65 ?>;8B8G5A:85 =0C:8, 2A53>  45AOBL G0A>2 2 =545;N. @8 MB>< >= A0< 15A?;0B=> A;CH0; 2<5AB5 A> A2>8<8 CG5=8:0<8 8E C@>:8 D@0=FC7A:>3>, ?>;CG0; >B .. 5945;O =5 B>;L:> ?;0BC 70 A2>9 B@C4, => B0:65 <515;L 8 ?@54<5BK 30@45@>10.</p><p> 5945;L 8 @0C75 AB@>8;8 @07;8G=K5 ?@>65:BK 8E A>2<5AB=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 2 1C4CI5<: 2=0G0;5  GB> >=8 >10 >B?@02OBAO 2 @:CBA:, GB>1K >1CG0BL AK=>259 20=0 >@8A>28G0 ?> <5ABC 53> A;C61K. >A;5 70:;NG5=8O "8;L78BA:>3> <8@0 ?>O28;AO A;54CNI89 ?;0=: ?@54AB028BL 2 0@865 >4=>2@5<5==> @CAA:><C 8<?5@0B>@C 8 0?>;5>=C ?@>5:B ?0=A8>=0 4;O 45B59 87 1>30BKE @CAA:8E A5<59AB2, =0E>4OI8EAO 70 3@0=8F59. 8 >48= 87 MB8E ?@>5:B>2 =5 1K; >ACI5AB2;5=.</p><p> <a href="https://archive.org/details/derbriefwechsel00wngoog">(Der Briefwechsel Karl Christian Friedrich Krauses zur Würdigung seines Lebens und Wirkens. Leipzig, 1903. (A<. ?8AL<0 70 1806  1809 33.)</a></p><p>  181;8>B5:5 02;0 5AB5;O 1K;0 :=830 .$. @0C75: Grundriss der historischen Logik für Vorlesungen, nebst zwei Kupfertafeln, worauf die Verhältnisse der Begriffe und der Schlüsse combinatorisch vollständig dargestellt sind. Jena,, 1803. (G5@:8 8AB>@8G5A:>9 ;>38:8 4;O ;5:F89& 5=0, 1803.) (09>=G:>2A:89 ..  2>?@>AC > 181;8>B5:5 .. 5AB5;O // AB>@8:-<0@:A8AB. 1941. ! 4. !. 88-89.) 5 8A:;NG5=>, GB> 025; ?@8257 55 5I5 87 5@<0=88. </p><p> <p><a name="041"><sup>41</sup></a>5>@3 4>;LD C@:0@4B (3>4K 687=8 =58725AB=K)  4@C3 8 A>CG5=8: .$. @0C75 ?> 5=A:><C C=825@A8B5BC. 0:>=G8; 53> 2 1803 3., 70I8B82 4>:B>@A:CN 48AA5@B0F8N > A2OB>B0BAB25 (?>-2848<><C, 2 N@848G5A:>< 0A?5:B5).<a href="https://books.google.ru/books?id=rKZGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP75&lpg=PP75&dq=d+c.+f.+a.++Burkardt&source=bl&ots=7bR6-ACv3d&sig=zUW2yIe6l6A5db-b9bWYnkHDlNc&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX0oPHsPHNAhWGKiwKHYB9DzcQ6AEIWDAJ#v=onepage&q=d%20c.%20f.%20a.%20%20Burkardt&f=false">( https://books.google.ru/books?id=rKZGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP75&lpg=PP75&dq=d+c.+f.+a.++Burkardt&source=bl&ots=7bR6-ACv3d&sig=zUW2yIe6l6A5db-b9bWYnkHDlNc&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX0oPHsPHNAhWGKiwKHYB9DzcQ6AEIWDAJ#v=onepage&q=d%20c.%20f.%20a.%20%20Burkardt&f=false )</a></p><p> 5>4=>:@0B=> C?><8=05BAO 2 ?5@5?8A:5 @0C75 A >BF>< :0: 53> 4@C3. K; B0:65 B>20@8I5< @0C75 ?> <0A>=A:>9 ;>65 8 CG0AB2>20; 2<5AB5 A =8< 2 1810 3. 2 8740=88 :=838: «AB>@8O 2>;L=KE :0<5=I8:>2 87 ?>4;8==KE 8AB>G=8:>2, =0@02=5 A >BG5B>< > 1>;LH>9 ;>65 2 (>B;0=488 (>B ;5:A0=4@0 >@8). 5@52545=0 =0 =5<5F:89 4>:B>@>< !.$.. C@:E0@4>< A ?>OA=ONI8<8, CB>G=ONI8<8 8 >1>1I0NI8<8 70<5B:0<8 8 ?@548A;>285< 4>:B>@0 @0C75». (>A;5 8740=8O MB>9 :=838 @0C75 8A:;NG8;8 87 <0A>=>2).</p><p>  @5745=5 2 MB8 3>4K @0C75 8 C@:E0@4 70<KH;O;8 @07;8G=K5 A>2<5AB=K5 ?@>5:BK, 2 >A=>2=>< =5>ACI5AB282H85AO. "0:, 2 1805  1806 33. >=8 ?@54?>;030;8 874020BL 6C@=0; ?> C3>;>2=><C ?@02C 5@<0=88 8 ?>A2OB8BL 53> «@CAA:><C F0@N». C@:E0@4 4>;65= 1K; ?8A0BL «8AB>@8G5A:CN G0ABL» @01>BK.  1808 3. >=8 ?;0=8@>20;8 =0?8A0BL @01>BC > >45:A5 0?>;5>=0. (E.M. Ureña. Krause, educador de la humanidad: una biografía. Madrid, 1991. !. 202, 218.)</p><p>  1810 3. 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CBC@;8= 1K; 65=0B =0 A2>59 B@>N@>4=>9 A5AB@5 ==5 @B5<L52=5 >@>=F>2>9, 2 A5<L5 1K;> 452OBL 45B59, 87 :>B>@KE 4> 27@>A;KE ;5B 4>68;8 420 AK=0 8 B@8 4>G5@8.  1810 3>4C AB0@H89 AK= 5B@, A:>@55 2A53>, C65 345-B> CG8BAO.  4><5 CBC@;8=KE ;5:A0=4@ 5AB5;L <>3 2AB@5B8BL 53> A5AB5@ 0@8N (1795 3.@.), ;87025BC (1803 3.@.), !>DLN (1806 3.@.) 8 1@0B0 8E08;0 (1807 3.@.). </p><p> <p><a name="050"><sup>50</sup></a> B><, :0:>9 0@KH:8= <>65B 8<5BLAO 2 284C  A<. ?@8<5G0=85 39 : ?8AL<C >B 3 D52@0;O 1810 3.</p><p> </p> <p><a name="051"><sup>51</sup></a>#8;LO< 65:A>=  3C25@=5@ >@8A0 8 ;5:A0=4@0 5AB5;59. !<. 53> ?8AL<> >B 9 45:01@O 1809 3. 8 ?@8<5G0=8O : =5<C (26).</p><p> <br> <p><b>.. 5945;L  02;C 5AB5;N</b> (*1) </p> <p>. 68 >1. 4@5A>2:0: <i>«>5<C 4@C3C >;N 5AB5;N»</i> </p> <h5>>A:20, 21 0?@5;O [1810]</h5> <p>!5@45G=0O 1;03>40@=>ABL 70 20H5 ;[N157=>5] ?8AL<> >B 14-3>, 4>@>3>9 4@C3. 4=0:> >=> 5I5 1>;55 <5=O 1K >1@04>20;>, 5A;8 1K A>45@60;> ;CGH85 8725AB8O > 74>@>2L5 0H59 <8;>9 <0B5@8. 8;>AB82K9 >A?>4L, :>340 >=0 2A:>@>AB8, :0: >=0 B>3> 70A;C68205B, ?>;=>ABLN ?>?@028BAO, AB0=5B AG0AB;82>9 8 @04>AB=>9! -B> 5654=52=>5 8A:@5==55 65;0=85 <>59 4CH8. 0 8A?>;=5=85 53> <K 4>;6=K <8;>ABLN A52KH=53>, 8, :0: 2K A0<8, 4[>@>3>9] 0C;L, 3>2>@8B5, ?>;=>ABLN 4>25@OOAL <C, =045OBLAO.</p><p> / ?>74@02;ON 0A A ?@54AB>OI8< ?>ABC?;5=85< 2 065A:89 :>@?CA 8 ?>2B>@ON 0< ?@8 B>< <>5 65;0=85 AB>;L <=>3> >1 MB>< G8B0BL, > @0A?@545;5=88 20H8E 70=OB89, > @0A?8A0=88 4=O, =0A:>;L:> 20H5 2@5<O 1C45B ?>72>;OBL 0< MB> ?>4@>1=>5 A>>1I5=85. 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[>:B>]@ 8??>;L4<a href="056"><sup>56</sup></a> @01>B05B =04 =>2>9 8AB>@859, 87 :>B>@>9 ?>O2;ONBAO D@03<5=BK 2 ;8B5@0BC@=>9 3075B5<a href="057"><sup>57</sup></a> . # MB>3> G5;>25:0 >A=>20B5;L=K5 273;O4K, 8 >= 70A;C68205B 2=8<0=8O 2AO:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> 45OB5;O. >;8B8G5A:85 =0C:8 ?@5?>40NBAO 2 C=825@A8B5B0E, => <>;>4K< ;N4O< >1KG=> ?@5?>40NBAO ;8HL =0 B@5B89 3>4 CG5=8O, 87@54:0 =0 2B>@>9, 0 4> B>3> 2@5<5=8 <>;>4K5 ;N48 4>;6=K 8<5BL 2 =0;8G88 <u>3>B>2K5 ?>7=0=8O</u> 2 4@52=8E O7K:0E, :0: 8 2> <=>3>< <u>4@C3><</u>. >340 2K ?>ABC?8B5 2 065A:89 :>@?CA, B> O ?@>HC 0A 2?5@2K5 25AL<0 =0AB>9G82> //;. 68 >1. A>>1I8BL <=5 CG51=K5 ?;0=K 8=AB8BCB0, 0 8<5==> 4;O 2A5E :;0AA>2.</p><p> >O 65=0 4@C65A:8 0A ?@825BAB2C5B, 1;03>40@8B 0A 70 0H8 ?@825BK, 0 O >1=8<0N <>53> 4>@>3>3> 0C;O :0: 53> ?@540==K9 ;N1OI89 4@[C]3 5945;L.</p><p> @825BAB2C9B5 B0:65 =0H53> 4[>@>3>3>] >;> >B =0A >1>8E: ?@>HC 20A >1 MB><.</p><p> </p><p> </p> <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478. ;. 67  68 >1.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 8AL<> =0?8A0=> ?>-=5<5F:8, 04@5A>2:0  ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> </p>*<p> <p><a name="052"><sup>52</sup></a>@0C75 .$.  A<. > =5< ?@8<5G0=85 40 : ?8AL<C 5945;O >B 2 <0@B0 1810 3.</p><p> 0<5@0;L=K5 =0C:8 - F8:; 04<8=8AB@0B82=KE 8 M:>=><8G5A:8E 48AF8?;8=.  1810 3>4C .$. @0C75 =5 ?C1;8:>20; ?5G0B=KE B@C4>2 ?> AB0B8AB8:5 8 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 8AB>@88, @5GL 845B 8<5==> >1 CAB=KE ;5:F8OE. </p><p> <p><a name="053"><sup>53</sup></a>.$. @0C75 ?@5?>4020; 2 D>@<5 G0AB=KE C@>:>2 ?@58<CI5AB25==> D8;>A>D8N 8 <0B5<0B8:C, => <>3 1@0BLAO 8 70 4@C385 ?@54<5BK  ?>-2848<><C, 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B 70?@>A>2 @01>B>40B5;O: B0:, AK=C 35=5@0;0 $>@5;;0, ?@>68202H53> 2 @5745=5, >= 2 B5 65 3>4K ?@5?>4020; 8AB>@8N 8 <564C=0@>4=>5 ?@02>. (E. M. Ureña. Krause, educador de la humanidad: una biografía. Madrid, 1991. C. 223).</p><p> !C4O ?> >B25B0< =0 2>?@>AK > 2>A?8B0=88, 40==K5 2> 2@5<O A;54AB28O, 02;0 =5 C1548;8 0@3C<5=BK 5945;O: « ?>;8B8G5A:8E =0C:0E =5 8<5; O =8 <0;59H53> ?>=OB8O 4> A0<>3> B>3> 2@5<5=8, :>340 AB0; 3>B>28BLAO :> 2ABC?;5=8N 2 065A:89 :>@?CA, 2 :>5< 8E 7=0=85 B@51>20;>AL 4;O ?>ABC?;5=8O 2 5@E=89 :;0AA». (. ". IV. !. 89.) </p><p> <p><a name="054"><sup>54</sup></a>C@:0@4B  :>;;530 8 4@C3 .$. @0C75, A<. > =5< B0:65 ?@8<5G0=85 41 : ?8AL<C >B 2 <0@B0 1810 3.</p><p> <p><a name="055"><sup>55</sup></a>(B>D@535= >=@04 >=@04>28G  2@0G, ?@81;865==K9 :> 42>@C, C@>65=5F 5@<0=88. !<. > =5< ?@8<5G0=85 42 : ?8AL<C .. 5945;O >B 2 <0@B0 1810.</p><p> <p><a name="056"><sup>56</sup></a>0=A 0@; 8??>;L4 (1782 8;8 1783-1811)  8AB>@8:, ?5@52>4G8:. #G8;AO 2 59?F835 8 5=5. 0: 8 C@:0@4B, ?@8=04;560; : :@C3C 4@C759 .$. @0C75. 740; =5A:>;L:> :=83 8AB>@8G5A:>9 B5<0B8:8, 2 B>< G8A;5 687=5>?8A0=85 0@;0 5;8:>3> (2 1810 3.). 5@52>48; (5:A?8@0 =0 =5<5F:89 O7K:. ! 1806 3. =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O ?@>6820; 2 @5745=5.  1810 3.  ?@>D5AA>@ 59?F83A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0.  1811 3>4C, ?>A<5@B=>, 1K;0 8740=0 :=830 «G5@:8 2A5>1I59 8AB>@88» - =0 >A=>25 ;5:F89, ?@>G8B0==KE 8<. >7<>6=>, > ?C1;8:0F88 ?@5420@8B5;L=KE <0B5@80;>2 : MB>9 :=835 8 3>2>@8B 5945;L.</p><p> <p><a name="057"><sup>57</sup></a>«A5>1I0O ;8B5@0BC@=0O 3075B0» (Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung) 1K;0 >A=>20=0 2 1785 3>4C 2 5=5.  1800-< 3>40< 2KE>48;0 :0: 2 5=5, B0: 8 2 59?F835, B@8 @070 2 =545;N. !@548 55 02B>@>2 1K;8 5B5, (8;;5@, C<1>;LB 8 4@C385 8725AB=K5 ?8A0B5;8 8 D8;>A>DK.</p><p> </p> <br> <p><b>.. 5945;L  02;C 5AB5;N</b> (*1) </p> <p>. 86 >1. 4@5A>2:0: <i>«>5<C 4>@>3><C 4@C3C >;N 5AB5;N»</i> </p> <h5>>A:20, 19 8N=O 1810 </h5> <p>K 2 A0<>< 45;5, 4@0609H89 4@C3, =5 <>3;8 1K A45;0BL <=5 1>;55 ?@8OB=>3> AN@?@870, G5< 0H8< ?>A;54=8< <[8;K<] ?8AL<><. => A>45@68B 4;O <5=O, ?><8<> ;8HL 25AL<0 8=B5@5A=KE ?>4@>1=>AB59 > [065A:><] >@?CA5, CA?>:>5=85: GB> 0H0 1>;57=L 5A;8 8 =5 ?>;=>ABLN 8AG57;0, B> ?> :@09=59 <5@5 =5 AB>;L A5@L57=0, G5< ?> 0H5< ?@81KB88 2 ![0=:B]-5B5@1C@3. !5@45G=>5 A?0A81> 70 MB>, @02=> :0: 8 70 CG0AB85, :>B>@>5 2K ?@8=8<05B5 2 !>D8, <i>878=:5</i>(*2) 8 2> <=5: 2K 4>;6=K A0<8 GC2AB2>20BL, GB> A@548 2A5E 0H8E 4@C759 <u>=8:B> 87 =8E</u> =0 2A5, GB> 0A :0A05BAO, =5 >B7K2G82 1>;55, G5< O. ! 8A:@5==59 @04>ABLN O ?@>G5; 8725AB8O > 0H5< 1;8AB0B5;L=> 2K45@60==>< M:70<5=5, MB> 405B ?@02> =0 ?@5:@0A=59H85 >6840=8O, :0:>2K5 8A?>;=8B CA5@4=K9, 3>@OG> ;N1OI89 A2>8E @>48B5;59, A2>5 B5G5AB2> 0C;L //;. 83 >1. 8, 2>>4CH52;5==K9 MB8< ?@8<5@><, >;>, :>=5G=> 65, B>65 =5 >BAB0=5B<a href="058"><sup>58</sup></a> . B0:, 2K 3>B>28B5AL : 8AB8==59H5<C 8 ?@5:@0A=59H5<C =0A;0645=8N 687=8  >4>1@5=85 A5@4F0 5ABL 2>8AB8=C A;04G09H0O =03@040. </p><p> K =0E>48B5AL B5?5@L, AC4O ?> 2A5<C, GB> K <=5 ?8H5B5, 2 ?@52>AE>4=>< 8=AB8BCB5, 8 C65 2 B0:>< 53> :;0AA5, 345 N=>H0< 0H53> 2>7@0AB0 1C4CB ?@5?>4020BL 25I8, :>B>@K5 70 3@0=8F59 G0AB8G=> ;8HL 2 ?>A;54=8E :;0AA0E 38<=0788, ?@58<CI5AB25==> 65 87CG0NBAO 2 C=825@A8B5B5, G5<C 4>;6=K ?@54H5AB2>20BL ?>7=0=8O 2 4@52=8E O7K:0E, :0: <i>=5>1E>48<>5 CA;>285</i>(*3). / 459AB28B5;L=> A>60;5N, GB> K B5?5@L, 25@>OB=>, C65 =5 8<55B5 2@5<5=8 4;O ;0B8=A:>3> O7K:0, 0 GB> =0 =53> 2 8<?5@0B>@A:>< 8=AB8BCB5 A<>B@O :0: =0 ;N18B5;LA:>5 70=OB85 4;O //;. 84 A>;40B, 87 :>B>@KE 2 =0H8 4=8 B0: G0AB> 2KE>4OB 3>AC40@AB25==K5 45OB5;8; MB> C<C =5?>AB868<>. 0: <=>3> 8A:;NG8B5;L=> B>;:>2KE ;N459 MB>3> =5 ?@87=0;8  GB> >=8 A>60;5NB: ;81> GB> >=8 2 N=>AB8 =5 8<5;8 2>7<>6=>AB8 87CG0BL 4@52=85 O7K:8, ;81> B0:CN 2>7<>6=>ABL C?CAB8;8. K A0<8 MB> A;KH0;8, 8 MB> ?>72>;O5B <=5 =045OBLAO, GB> :>340 0< ?>72>;8B 2@5<O, K B0:65 0H53> 828O<a href="059"><sup>59</sup></a> , "0F8B0<a href="060"><sup>60</sup></a> 1C45B5 G8B0BL 5I5 2 >@838=0;5. !5@4F5 1L5BAO :064K9 @07 ?@8 MB>9 <KA;8 A8;L=55, GB> <>9 4@C3 0C;L 2K1@0; A515 25;8:89 ?@8<5@, :0:>2><C CA5@4=> A;54C5B, 8, 2>7<>6=>, >4=064K ACI5AB25==> A>459AB2C5B B><C, GB>1K 53> =0F8O 70 AB>;L <=>385 >A:>@1;5=8O .30<a href="061"><sup>61</sup></a> ?@8>1@5;0 C4>2;5B2>@5=85, >4=0:> =5 B>;L:> MB>  => 8 B0:>2CN, B0:65 G5@57 ?>A@54AB2> 55 ?@>A25I5=8O //;. 84 >1. A45;0BL 55 1>;55 =57028A8<>9 >B 4@C38E AB@0= 8 1>;55 2 A0<>9 A515 !G0AB;82>9  <i>8 2>B 8AB8==K9 ?0B@8>B87<</i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a href="062"><sup>62</sup></a> , GB>1K =5 AB@040BL >B B0:>9 ?>3>4K. 0 1C45B C3>4=> 51C, GB>1K >=0 2A:>@>AB8, 0H0 ?@52>AE>4=0O <0BL, 2 4>1@>< 74@0288 ?@81K;0 : =0<, 0 O =0:>=5F B0:65 8 0H53> =5A@02=5==>3> ;N157=>3> 3[>A?>48]=0 BF0 2=>2L C2845;. </p><p></p><p> ;0=O9B5AL 5<C >B <5=O, <>O 4[>@>30O] 65=0 ?@>A8B 0A > B>< 65  <i>878=:0</i>(*5) 3>2>@8B 20< ?>-@CAA:8 .. (*6)  ?>-=5<5F:8 Jedel-del, ?>-D@0=FC7A:8 bai-bai-bai, 87 G53> 2K 2848B5, GB> >=0 ?@8 <u>87CG5=88</u> ?5@2>3> O7K:0 C?>B@51;O5B 1>;55 A;>2, G5< 2 42CE ?>A;54=8E. ?@>G5<, //;. 85 >1. >=0 :CA05BAO 8 A<55BAO 2>2AN, >4=0:> =0 =>30E AB>8B 5I5 =5B25@4>. !5@45G=> >1=8<8B5 <>53> ;N18<>3> >;>  B0:65 >B 8<5=8 !>D8 8 <0;KH:8.</p><p> >@8A 4@C65A:8 ?@825BAB2C5B A2>8E 1@0BL52, B0:65 8 ;5:A0=4@  0 B5?5@L, 4>@>3>9 0C;L, O 70:0=G820N ?8AL<> ?@>AL1>9  ?5@540BL 0H5<C 3[>A?>48]=C BFC, GB> O A <>59 AC?@C3>9 =5 8<5N 1>;55 7025B=>3> 65;0=8O, G5< AC<5BL ;8G=> ?>74@028BL 53> A ?@54AB>OI8< <u>4=5< 8<5=8=</u>, 0 ?>A;54=89 =0?><8=05B =0< B0:65 > 0H5< =5 >64[5=8O], 4@0609H89 4@C3. 07C<55BAO, K 1C45B5 2 MB>B <u>?@074=8G=K9</u> 4;O 0A <u>45=L</u> B0:65 4C<0BL > @5745=5 8 > =0A, 8 A8;>9 0H53> 2>>1@065=8O ?@54AB02;OBL =0A @O4>< A A>1>9. B 2A59 4CH8 <u>65;0N 20<</u> (*7) : =>2><C 18-<C 3>4C 687=8 AG0ABLO, @04>AB8, C?>@AB20 ?@8 A;02=>< 2ABC?;5=88 =0 687=5==K9 ?CBL, 0 =0<  A>E@0=5=8O 0H59 ?@82O70==>AB8. ! MB8<8 ?>65;0=8O<8 4;O 0A >1=8<05B 0A !>D8 8 0H 8AB8==K9 4@C3 </p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>5945;L //;. 86</i></b></div> <p>A;8 3[>A?>]60 0H0 0<5=L:0 5I5 =0E>48BAO C 0A, B> ?@>HC ?@54AB028BL 59 >B 8<5=8 =0A >1>8E =0H8 ?>74@02;5=8O : ?@074[=8G=K<] 4=O<, 8 ?5@540BL 59, GB> <K 65;05< 15A?@5?OBAB25==>3>, 1KAB@>3> 8 AG0AB;82>3> ?CB5H5AB28O 157 :0:8E-;81> =5AG0AB=KE ?@>8AH5AB289. </p><p> # ;5:A0=4@0 A53>4=O =5AG0AB;82K9 45=L 4;O ?8A0=8O ?8A5<. 0: @07 ?>B><C, GB> >= E>B5; A45;0BL 70<5G0B5;L=> :@0A82K5 1C:2K ?@8 :>?8@>20=88 G5@=>28:>2, A;>20 =5 C40;8AL.</p><p> "0: GB> 0< ?@845BAO ?>B5@?5BL 4> A;54CNI53> @070. <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478. ;. 83 - 86.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 8AL<> =0?8A0=> ?>-=5<5F:8, 04@5A>2:0  ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> *2 !;>2> =0?8A0=> ?>-@CAA:8.</p><p> *3 "5:AB :C@A82><  =0 ;0BK=8.</p><p> *4 "5:AB :C@A82><  ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> *5 !;>2> =0?8A0=> ?>-@CAA:8.</p><p> *6 !;>2> =0?8A0=> ?>-@CAA:8.</p><p> *7 !;>2> ?>4G5@:=CB> 42064K.</p><p> </p>*<p> <p><a name="058"><sup>58</sup></a> 8N=5 1810 3>40 025; ?>ABC?05B 2 AB0@H89 :;0AA 065A:>3> :>@?CA0 8 CG8BAO B0< GCBL 1>;LH5 3>40, 70:>=G82 53> 2 45:01@5 1811 3. >;> ?>ABC?05B 2 :>@?CA ?@8<5@=> B>340 65, 2848<>, =5 2 AB0@H89, 0 2 A@54=89 :;0AA, 8 70:0=G8205B :>@?CA 2 1813 3.</p><p> <p><a name="059"><sup>59</sup></a>"8B 8289 (59 3. 4> =.M.  17 3. =.M.)  4@52=5@8<A:89 8AB>@8:, 02B>@ G0AB8G=> A>E@0=82H59AO «AB>@88 >B >A=>20=8O 3>@>40», =081>;55 DC=40<5=B0;L=>3> ?@>872545=8O ?> 8AB>@88 @52=53> 8<0.</p><p> <p><a name="060"><sup>60</sup></a>C1;89 >@=5;89 "0F8B (A5@548=0 50-E  >:. 120 3.)  4@52=5@8<A:89 8AB>@8:, 02B>@ 42CE :@C?=KE ?@>872545=89 («AB>@8O» 8 «==0;K»), >?8AK20NI8E A>1KB8O I 2. =.M., 8 =5A:>;L:8E =51>;LH8E. </p><p> <p><a name="061"><sup>61</sup></a>>7<>6=>, 2 40==>< A;CG05 @5GL 845B > "C@F88 8 2>9=0E A =59.</p><p> <p><a name="062"><sup>62</sup></a>;87025B0 20=>2=0 2 MB> 2@5<O =0E>48;0AL =0 ?>A;54=5< <5AOF5 15@5<5==>AB8. 15 8N;O 1810 3>40 >=0 @>48;0 4>GL !>DLN.</p><p> </p> </p> <br> <p><b>==0 @>:  02;C 5AB5;N</b> </p> <h5>@5745=, 7/19 023CAB0 1810 </h5> <p>0! >9 4>@>3>9 >;L, O B0: 402=> =8:><C =5 ?8A0;0. #2K! MB> =5 ?> <>59 28=5. >8 154=K5 3;070 >B:07K20NBAO <=5 A;C68BL. / =5 <>3C =8 G8B0BL, =8 ?8A0BL, =8 4065 @01>B0BL. "0: GB> =5 1C4LB5 A;8H:>< B@51>20B5;L=K : <>59 B>G=>AB8. 8H8B5 <=5 B0: G0AB>, :0: 2K A<>65B5. / ?>?@>HC 3[>A?>48]=0 45 0F4>@D0<a href="063"><sup>63</sup></a> , =>2>3> >A;0==8:0 @5745=0 2 5B5@1C@35, 4>AB028BL <=5 20H8 ?8AL<0. = >1O70;AO ?5@540BL 20< MB> ?8AL<>. >A5I09B5 53> 8=>340; MB> ?@8=5A5B <=5 8725AB8O > 20A, 0 4;O 20A 1C45B ?>G5B=K< 7=0:><AB2><. / 1K;0 G@572KG09=> 4>2>;L=0 B5<, :0: 2K A?@028;8AL A 20H8< M:70<5=>< 8 CA8;8O<8, :>B>@K5 2K ?@8;>68;8, GB>1K 2K9B8 87 =53> A G5ABLN. / E>GC A45;0BL 20< ;8HL >4=> 70<5G0=85 >B=>A8B5;L=> B>3>, GB> 2K 3>2>@8B5 <=5 > 20H59 CG515 2 @5745=5. 5 4C<09B5, <>9 4>@>3>9 >;L, GB> :0:85-;81> ?>7=0=8O <>3CB 1KBL 15A?>;57=K< ?@8>1@5B5=85< 4;O G5;>25G5A:>3> C<0; 4;O =53> 1;03>B2>@=K 2A5, 0 687=L 70G0ABCN ?@54AB02;O5B =0< =5?@542845==K5 >1AB>OB5;LAB20, GB>1K 872;5GL 87 =8E ?>;L7C. "5< =5 <5=55, 2K ?@02K, //;. 16 >1. ?>;030O, GB> =5;L7O B5@OBL 2@5<5=8, 8 GB> >1CG5=85 4>;6=> ?@5645 2A53> 1KBL A>>1@07=> A :0@L5@>9, :>B>@CN <K E>B8< 871@0BL.</p><p> / 1;03>40@N 20A 70 A>>1I5=85 > A204L15 3[>A?>48=]0 5>=BL520<a href="064"><sup>64</sup></a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p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>..</i></b></div> <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478. ;. 16 - 17.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p><a name="063"><sup>63</sup></a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p><p> <p><a name="064"><sup>64</sup></a> A204L15 .. 5>=BL520 A<. ?@8<5G0=85 48 : ?8AL<C >B 27 <0@B0 1810 3.</p><p> </p> <br> <p><b>1811</p></b> <br> <p><b>>@8A ;048<8@>28G 5AB5;L  02;C, >@8AC, ;048<8@C 8 ;5:A0=4@C 5AB5;O<</b>(*1) </p> <p>. 110 >1. 4@5A>2:0: <i>«>8< A5@45G=> ;N18<K< 2=C:0< 0C;N, >@8AC, >;;> 8 ;5:A0=4@C»</i> </p> <h5>>A:20, 30 O=2[0@O] 1811<a href="065"><sup>65</sup></a> </h5> <p>>8 A5@45G=> ;N18<K5 2=C:8 0C;L, >@8A, >;;> 8 ;5:A0=4@! 0H8 ?>74@02;5=8O ?> ?>2>4C <>53> 72-3> 4=O @>645=8O 25AL<0 <5=O >1@04>20;8. 7-70 A;01>AB8 <>8E 3;07 O 1;03>40@N 20A [A;>2> =@71] E>BO 8 :@0B:>, => A5@45G=>. AN >AB02HCNAO 687=L, :0:CN >A?>4C 1C45B C3>4=> =0< ?>40@8BL, O 1C4C 70 0A <>;8BLAO 8 ?@51K20BL 0H8< !5@45G=> ;N1OI8< 54CH:>9 </p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>5AB5;5<</i></b></div> <p> .S. @>4>;609, ;N18<K9 0C;L, =0A @04>20BL. "K A<>65HL MB> 45;0BL, 5A;8 1C45HL ?@845@6820BLAO !?0A8B5;O. <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478. . 110.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 8AL<> =0?8A0=> ?>-=5<5F:8.</p><p> </p>*<p> <p><a name="065"><sup>65</sup></a>>7<>6=>, MB> 1K;> ?>A;54=55 ?8AL<> 2=C:0<: >@8A ;048<8@>28G A:>=G0;AO 15 0?@5;O 1811 3>40 2 >A:25, 2 2>7@0AB5 72 ;5B, 8 1K; ?>E>@>=5= =0 2545=A:>< :;0418I5. </p><p> </p> <br> <p><b>.. 5945;L - 02;C 5AB5;N</b>(*1) </p> <p>. 72 >1. 4@5A>2:0: <i>«>A?>48=C >;N 5AB5;N»</i> </p> <h5>>A:20, 5 <0@B0 1811</h5> <p>>765, G5< O 4C<0; ?@8 >B?@02;5=88 <>53> ?>A;54=53> ?8AL<0, 4>102;ON O A53>4=O =5A:>;L:> AB@>G5: 4;O 0A, :>B>@K5 K ?>;CG8B5 G5@57 4>AB>GB8<>3> 3[>A?>48]=0 4 70@=0 <a href="066"><sup>66</sup></a> . A;8 1K O <>3 E>BL =0 <3=>25=85 >GCB8BLAO =0 53> <5AB5, GB>1K A:070BL 0<, A68<0O 0A 2 A5@45G=59H5< >1JOB88, GB> O GC2AB2CN ?@8 8725AB88 >B 0H8E 4[>@>38E] >48B5;59 > 0A. 0: 4>AB>9=> ?>E20;K 0H5 CA5@485 ?>A;5 AB>;L:8E 701>B 2 ?@>H;><  :0: O 1;03>40@N 0A 70 MB>, GB> K AB>;L <C65AB25==> 45@68B5 A;>2>. / ?>@>9 3>2>@8; 0< MB>: :>340 <>9 4@C3 0C;L AB0=5B AB0@H5, >= 1C45B 5I5 1>;55 GC2AB2>20BL ?@8 2AO:>< 273;O45 =0 ?@>H;>5, :0: A8;L=> //;. 71 >1. 53> AG0ABL5 70=8<05B <>5 A5@4F5. <u>K GC2AB2C5B5 MB></u>, K 65;05B5 <>53> AG0ABLO! B0:, B5?5@L <C65AB25==> 428309B5AL 2?5@54, 0< 2>>1I5-B> 4065 =5 =C6=> B0:>3> ?>4104@820=8O  => MB> AB0@0O ?@82KG:0 0H53> 1K2H53> =0AB02=8:0, :>B>@CN K 8AB>;:C5B5 8<5==> B0:, :0: >= 55 87JOA=O5B.</p><p> >AB>25@=> ;8: :0: 1C4B> 1K 0H 3[>A?>48]= B5F 2>72@0B8;AO 2 !818@L<a href="067"><sup>67</sup></a>  MB> <5=O @04C5B, E>BO O B5< A0<K< 5I5 4>;LH5 1C4C ;8H5= @04>AB8 2=>2L A =8< C2845BLAO. 0A:>;L:> 65 87<5=82H8<8AO <K =0945< 4@C3 4@C30  O ?>AB0@5; ?> <5=LH59 <5@5 =0 45AOB8;5B85; MB> <>3;> 1K 5I5 1KBL [A;>2> =@71] B0:65 //;. 72 1>30G5 ?5G0;L=K< >?KB><. A5 8AE>48B >B =510. B> 7=05B, 4;O G53> MB> E>@>H>, MB> 4>;6=> 1KBL CB5H5=85<, : :>B>@><C =5 2A5340 <K C<55< ?@8<:=CBL 2 ?>4>10NI59 AB5?5=8.</p><p> >O 65=0 C25@O5B 0A 2 A2>5< A5AB@8=A:>< CG0AB88, 0 O >1=8<0N 0A, :0: 0H, 4> :>=F0 2A5E 75<=KE =5273>4</p><p> 8A:@5==5 8 A5@45G=> ;N1OI89 0A </p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>@C3 5945;L.</i></b></div> <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478. ;. 71 - 72.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 8AL<> =0?8A0=> ?>-=5<5F:8, 04@5A>2:0  ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> </p>*<p> <p><a name="066"><sup>66</sup></a>4 70@=  <>A:>2A:89 7=0:><K9 A5<59AB20 5AB5;59, D@0=FC7A:89 M<83@0=B. !<. > =5< ?>4@>1=55 ?@8<5G0=85 21 : ?8AL<C .. 5AB5;O >B 16 D52@0;O 1804 3.(<a href="http://kemenkiri.narod.ru/gaaz/perepiska2.htm">!5<59=0O ?5@5?8A:0 5AB5;59. 1799-1805 33.)</p><p> <p><a name="067"><sup>67</sup></a>=D>@<0F88 > 2>7<>6=>< 2>72@0I5=88 =5 8<55BAO, A;CE =54>AB>25@5=. </p><p> </p> <br> <p><b>.. 5945;L  02;C 5AB5;N</b>(*1) </p> <p>. 70 >1. 4@5A>2:0: <i>«;O 3>A?>48=0 >;O 5AB5;O».</i> </p> <h5>>A:20, 22 <0O [1811]<a href="068"><sup>68</sup></a> </h5> <p>! B0:8< 65 8A:@5==8< =587<5==K< CG0AB85<, <>9 A5@45G=> ;N18<K9 4@C3 0C;L, A :0:8< O ?>74@02;ON 0A A 0H8< 2K74>@>2;5=85<, - ?@>HC O 0A B5?5@L ?@8 A5< ?@8;0305<K5 AB@>:8 0H59 ?@52>AE>4=>9 <0B5@8 ?@>G5ABL 8 <=5 > =59, :0: 8 > 0H5< 3[>A?>48]=5 BF5, :>B>@><C 2K?0;> AB>;L <=>3> 3>@O, A>>1I8BL 8725AB8O. >3;8 1K >=8 1KBL AB>;L 65 CB5H8B5;L=K<8 4;O =0A, A:>;L O 65;0N 0< 157 8A:;NG5=8O AG0ABLO 8 74>@>2LO. 'B> 45;05B 154=K9 >@8A?  "0:65 8 >=, 4>;6=> 1KBL, 25AL<0 1>;5=. 0: ?>68205B ;5:A0=4@, <0;5=L:0O !>D8  0 :0: <>9 2>7;N1;5==K9 >;>?</p><p> / >E>B=> 7040; 1K 745AL 5I5 =5A:>;L:> 2>?@>A>2 - => 2@5<O A;8H:>< :>@>B:>. / //;. 69 >1. C:07K20N 0< =0 <>9 >B25B =0 0H5 745AL 5I5 @07 70?@0H8205<>5 ?8A0=85 8 >1=8<0N 0A A A5@45G=K< 65;0=85< 8<5BL 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@>25AB8 MB> ;5B>, E>BO 1K G0ABL 53>, C 0A 2 ![0=:B-]5B5@1C@35. A;8 2K ?>-?@56=5<C ;N18B5 <5=O B0: 65, :0: O 0A  B> ?CABL AB0=5B :064>5 <3=>25=85, :>B>@>5 K B5?5@L <>65B5 <=5 C45;8BL, 65@B2>9, :>B>@0O 0< 1C45B AB>;L 65 ;53:0, A:>;L <=5 >=0 4@03>F5==0. 0H 8A:@5==5 ?@540==K9 </p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>N1OI89 4@[C]3 5945;L.</i></b></div> <p>0: @04C5B <5=O <KA;L, GB> K, <u>4>@>3>9, 4>@>3>9 0C;L</u>, 2A5 1>;55 AB0=>28B5AL @04>ABLN 8 CB5H5=85< 0H53> AB>;L 70<5G0B5;L=>3> ?@52>AE>4=>3> 3[>A?>48]=0 BF0. 07C<55BAO, 0H ?@8<5@ 1C45B 2A5 1>;55 //;. 70 2>>4CH52;OBL 0H8E 1@0BL52. 5@5409B5 8< >B <5=O BKAOGC ?@825B>2, @02=> :0: 8 ?5@2><C, 8:>340 =5 ?5@5AB0209B5 3>2>@8BL, GB> 8:B> ?>A;5 A5<L8 =5 <i>?@82O70=</i>(*2) : 20< 1>;55, G5< 0H 1K2H89 =0AB02=8:.</p><p> / =045NAL, GB> 0<5=L:0 ?>;CG8;0 <>5 ?>A;54=55 ?8AL<> 8 ?5@5?8A0==K9 4;O ;5:A0=4@0 BG5 =0H  =5A<>B@O =0 70B@C4=5==CN ?>GBC. </p> <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478. ;. 69  70.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 8AL<> =0?8A0=> ?>-=5<5F:8, 04@5A>2:0  ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> *2 !;>2> =0?8A0=> ?>-D@0=FC7A:8.</p><p> </p>*<p> <p><a name="068"><sup>68</sup>>4 2 ?8AL<5 =5 C:070=. 0B8@>20=> ?> C?><8=0=8N 2 B5:AB5 «<0;5=L:>9 !>D8» - !>DL8 5AB5;L, @>482H59AO 15 8N;O 1810 3>40.</a></p><p> </p> <br> <p><b>. 5@>H <a href="069"><sup>69</sup></a>  02;C 5AB5;N</b> </p> <h5> [>A:20, 1811] (*1)</h5> <p>-B>B C4>1=K9 A;CG09, <>9 A0<K9 ;N157=K9 4@C3, ?@54AB02;O5B <=5 C4>2>;LAB285 25AL<0 A;04:>5 2>7=03@048BL A51O, :0: O 8 ?@54?>;030;, 70 425-B@8 AB@>:8, :>B>@K5 O 20< =5:>340 04@5A>20;, GB>1K ?>1;03>40@8BL 20A 70 20H5 4>1@>5 CG0AB85 8 >B25B8BL =0 4>:070B5;LAB2> 20H59 4@C61K. K 4>;6=K 1KBL 2?>;=5 C25@5=K, GB> <>8 4@C65A:85 GC2AB20, 1C4CG8 40;5:8 >B B>3>, GB>1K ?@5B5@?5BL :0:85-;81> 87<5=5=8O, 2K720==K5 @07;C:>9, <>3;8 1K, 5A;8 1K >=8 1K;8 =0 MB> A?>A>1=K, ;8HL 2>7@0AB0BL, 1;03>40@O 20H8< C25@5=8O<, GB> 2K ?>-?@56=5<C <5=O ;N18B5, 8 2A5<C E>@>H5<C, GB> 3>2>@OB > 20A, :>B>@K9 548=AB25==K9 1K; 1K A?>A>15=, 4065 B5<, :B> =5 7=05B 20A ;8G=>, 2=CH0BL GC2AB20 A0<K5 =56=K5 8 A0<K5 2>72KH5==K5; 8 O ?>;030N, GB> 2K A>E@0=8;8 :> <=5 E>BL =5<=>3> ?@82O70==>AB8, =>, : =5AG0ABLN, O 7=0N ?> >?KBC, - GB> @07;C:0 8 2@5<O, :>B>@>5 2A5 @07@CH05B, >A>15==> 2 20H5< 2>7@0AB5, ?>E8BOB, =0:>=5F, C <5=O B>B >AB0B>: 4@C61K, :>B>@K9 20H5 4>1@>5 A5@4F5 8 20H ?@52>AE>4=K9 E0@0:B5@ A>E@0=ONB :> <=5. //;. 91 >1.</p><p> 1> MB> 2 >1KG05 <>;>4KE ;N459, :>B>@K5 2ABC?0NB 2 A25B, 345 >=8 =0E>4OB BKAOG8 ?@54<5B>2 @072;5G5=8O, - 701K20BL A2>8 ?5@2K5 ?@82O70==>AB8; O 286C B><C ?@8<5@ 2 <;04H5< >3>;N1>25<a href="070"><sup>70</sup></a> , >B :>B>@>3> O =5 ?>;CG0N 1>;55 =8:0:8E 8725AB89; >B =53>, :>B>@K9 2K:07K20; <=5 ?@82O70==>ABL 1573@0=8G=CN, 8 :>B>@K9 ?8A0; <=5 :064CN =545;N, 70O2;OO, GB> O =8:>340 =5 1C4C 8< 701KB! A;8 20< ?@54AB028BAO A;CG09 53> 2AB@5B8BL, ?@>HC 20A A45;0BL 5<C C?@5: A <>59 AB>@>=K. / ?>?@>A8; 1K 20A B0:65 >:070BL <=5 ;N157=>ABL, 2@CG82, A =0456=>ABLN ?@8 A5< ?@8;0305<>5 ?8AL<> 3[>A?>48]=C 0B0H>2C<a href="071"><sup>71</sup></a> , ?>A:>;L:C O =5 >A<5;820NAL 4>:CG0BL 2B>@>9 @07 20H5<C 4>@>3><C ?0?5=L:5. [>A?>48]= 3C15@=0B>@ 1@5A:>2<a href="072"><sup>72</sup></a> ?5@540; 5<C C65 402=> <>8 ?8AL<0 A ?@>H5=85<, GB>1K >= E>40B09AB2>20; 70 <5=O ?5@54 3> 5;8G5AB2>< > <8;>AB8 1KBL ?@87=0==K< @CAA:8< 42>@O=8=>< 2 G8=5 0?8B0=0 8;8 09>@0, 5A;8 MB> 2>7<>6=>: ?>4B25@482 B>, GB> O O2;ONAL 42>@O=8=>< 8 =0E>6CAL =0 @CAA:>9 A;C615 2 B5G5=85 3 ;5B<a href="073"><sup>73</sup></a> , <=5 :065BAO, GB> A <>8< ?@>H5=85< =5 4>;6=> 2>7=8:=CBL 70B@C4=5=89; >B <>59 3>B>2=>AB8 AB0BL @>AA89A:8< ?>440==K< 8 ?@8=5AB8 [3>] [5;8G5AB2C] =>2CN ?@8AO3C =0 25@=>ABL, E>BO O AG8B0N 4;O A51O 1>;LH>9 G5ABLN ?@8=04;560BL : //;. 92 A>A;>28N 2>@O=AB20 MB>9 AB@0=K, O =5 8IC 4@C38E 2K3>4, :@><5 :0: 1KBL 87102;5==K< >B =5?@8OB=>AB59 8 >A:>@1;5=89, :>B>@K< O ?>425@30NAL 2 >A:25, :>340 MB> =5 1K;> 1K ;8HL 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 871028BLAO >B =5>1E>48<>AB8 :064K5 B@8 <5AOF0 8 ?> =5A:>;L:> 4=59 ?>4@O4 B><8BLAO >6840=85< 2 B5G5=85 B@5E-G5BK@5E G0A>2 2 C?@02;5=88 8;8 2 ?>;8F88, GB>1K ?>;CG8BL ?0A?>@B, :>B>@K9 2@CG0B ;8HL ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 2K 4048B5 27OB:C 2A5< ?8AF0<, :>B>@K5 ?@>BO3820NB : 20< @C:8 :0: =8I85. -B> 1K;> 1K 1>;LH>9 CA;C3>9 8 25A:8< 4>:070B5;LAB2>< 1;03>A:;>==>AB8 20H53> A5@4F0 :> <=5, 5A;8 1K 2K A<>3;8 C1548BL ?0?5=L:C, :>B>@K9 2A5<>3CI, B0:65 :0: 8 20HC =56=CN <0<5=L:C, :>B>@>9 AB>8B ;8HL ?>65;0BL, GB>1K 4>18BLAO, ?@>O28BL :> <=5 =5:>B>@>5 CG0AB85! !45;09B5 MB>, ;N157=K9 06, 4;O 20H53> AB0@>3> 5=B>@0, :>B>@K9 B0: 20A ;N18B 8 :>B>@K9 2AO:89 45=L ;LAB8B A515 <KA;LN, GB> 8<5; AG0ABL5 =0E>48BLAO ?>4;5 20A; O =5 A:06C  A45;0BL 20A B5<, G5< 2K O2;O5B5AL, ?@52>AE>4=K< <>;>4K< G5;>25:><. -B8< 2K >1O70=K ;8HL A515 A0<><C, 20H5<C C<C 8 AG0AB;82K< A?>A>1=>ABO<, :>B>@K<8 =03@048;0 20A ?@8@>40; O 65 8<5N ;8HL BC 70A;C3C, GB> A?>A>1AB2>20; 2=CH5=8N 20< ?@8=F8?>2 G5AB8 8 A:;>==>AB8 : CG5=8N, =5 2=CH0O 20< BI5A;028O, E>BO O G0AB> 3>2>@8; 20< > 1;03>@>4AB25. //;. 92 >1.  87;8O=88 <>53> A5@4F0 O =5 70<5B8;, GB> <>3 =0A:CG8BL 20< 4;8=>9 A2>53> ?8AL<0: 8B0:, =C6=> 53> 70:>=G8BL, =5A<>B@O =0 2A5 C4>2>;LAB285, :>B>@>5 O 8A?KBK20N, ?@>4>;60O ?8AL<>, C25@OO 20A, GB> 1>;LH>5 C4>2>;LAB285 4>AB02;ONB <=5 B0:65 2A5 20H8 CA?5E8, 20H5 @0728B85, 8 2A5 ?>E20;K 2 20H 04@5A; => B0:65 O 1K; >3>@G5=, C7=02 70B5<, GB> 2K 1K;8 >?0A=> 1>;L=K 8 GB> 2K ?>=5A;8 ?>B5@N 2 ;8F5 20H53> ?>GB5==59H53> 454CH:8, > :>B>@>< 745AL <=>3> A>60;5;8; 70A2845B5;LAB2C9B5, ?@>HC 20A, <>5 3;C1>G09H55 C2065=85 0?5=L:5 8 0<5=L:5, 8 ?@8<8B5, B0:65 :0: 8 20H8 4>@>385 1@0BLO, <>8 A0<K5 =56=K5 >1JOBLO 8 8A:@5==85 C25@5=8O 2 B><, GB> O E@0=N 20A 2A5E 2 <>5< A5@4F5 <i>2> 25:8 25:>2</i>(*2) . </p><p> </p> <div align="center"><i>5@>H.</i></b></div> <h4> $. $. 48. ?. 1. . 478. ;. 91  92 >1.</h4> <p>------------------</p> <p> *1 0B0 2 ?8AL<5 >BACBAB2C5B. 0B8@C5BAO ?> C?><8=0=8N A<5@B8 4540 8 8<5=>20=8N 02;0 «?06><», B.5. ?8AL<> =0?8A0=> 4> 2K?CA:0 87 065A:>3> :>@?CA0.</p><p> *2 "5:AB :C@A82>< =0?8A0= =0 ;0BK=8.</p><p> </p>*<p> <p><a name="069"><sup>69</sup></a>5@>H ( >H) 5>=0@  1K2H89 2>A?8B0B5;L 02;0 5AB5;O. >4@>1=55 A<. > =5< ?@8<5G0=85 19 : ?8AL<C >B 2 D52@0;O 1804 3. (<a href="http://kemenkiri.narod.ru/gaaz/perepiska2.htm">!5<59=0O ?5@5?8A:0 5AB5;59. 1799-1805 33.).</p><p> <p><a name="070"><sup>70</sup></a>>-2848<><C, 8<55BAO 2 284C !5<5= 02@8;>28G >3>;N1>2 (1791-1842). 5@>OB=>, 53> >B5F - .!. >3>;N1>2, :>B>@K9 : 1793 3. 6825B 2 A>1AB25==>< 4><5 C >:@>2A:8E 2>@>B 8 A;C68B 2 ?5:C=A:>< A>25B5 >A:>2A:>3> 2>A?8B0B5;L=>3> 4><0. !5<5= >3>;N1>2 CG8;AO 2 >A:>2A:>< C=825@A8B5BA:>< ?0=A8>=5, 70B5< 2 1806 3. ?>ABC?8; =0 A;C61C  A5:@5B0@5< 2 ><8AA8N ?> A>AB02;5=8N 70:>=>2, B> 5ABL ?5@51@0;AO 2 5B5@1C@3. ! 5B5@1C@3>< 8 1K;0 A2O70=0 53> 40;L=59H0O A;C610. ! 1824 3. ?@5?>4020; @CAA:>5 70:>=>2545=85 2 5B5@1C@3A:>< C=825@A8B5B5.</p><p> >-2848<><C, !.. >3>;N1>2 1K; ?@54K4CI8< 2>A?8B0==8:>< 5@>H0 8 ?5@5AB0; ?8A0BL 5<C 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 ?>ABC?;5=8O =0 A;C61C 8 >BJ5740 2 5B5@1C@3. </p><p> <p><a name="071"><sup>71</sup></a>0B0H52K  A5<59AB2> ?@><KH;5==8:>2, 2;0452H55 AB0;5?;028;L=K<8 702>40<8 2 O70=A:>9 8 =5A:>;L:8E 4@C38E 3C15@=8OE; ?@8 :0B5@8=5 II >=8 ?>;CG8;8 42>@O=AB2>. =4@59 (1724 1799) 8 20= (1732 1821) >48>=>28G8 0B0H52K 2;045;8 4><0<8 2 >A:25 =0 (282>9 3>@:5. « 4><5 0B0H520» : 1805 3. C65 420 3>40 ?@>6820;> A5<59AB2> 5AB5;59 (A<. ?8AL<> @>48B5;59 02;C 8 ;048<8@C >B 45:01@O 1805 3., <a href="http://kemenkiri.narod.ru/gaaz/perepiska3.htm">!5<59=0O ?5@5?8A:0 5AB5;59. 1805-1808 33.).</p><p>  40==>< A;CG05 @5GL 845B >1 =4@55 =4@5528G5 0B0H525 (1746 8;8 1756 1816), AK=5 8 =0A;54=8:5 AB0@H53> 87 1@0BL52, =4@5O >48>=>28G0 0B0H520. !>3;0A=> «!0=:B?5B5@1C@3A:>9 04@5A=>9 :=835» 1809 3., >=, 1C4CG8 2 >BAB02:5, ?@>6820; 2 5B5@1C@35 2 A>1AB25==>< 4><5 2 4-9 4<8@0;B59A:>9 G0AB8, =0 15@53C @N:>20 :0=0;0; MB>B 65 4>< >AB0;AO 70 53> =0A;54=8:0<8 8 ?>A;5 53> A<5@B8. </p><p> <p><a name="072"><sup>72</sup></a>1@5A:>2 8:>;09 0A8;L528G (1764-1821)  35=5@0;-<09>@, <>A:>2A:89 3@0640=A:89 3C15@=0B>@, A5=0B>@. > 1799 3.  2 2>5==>9 A;C615, CG0AB2>20; 2 2>9=5 A 5@A859, A> A2>8< >B@O4>< 70=O; 0:C.  F0@AB2>20=85 02;0 I  2 >BAB02:5.  =0G0;5 XIX 2.  2=0G0;5 4<8B@>2A:89 C574=K9, 70B5< <>A:>2A:89 3C15@=A:89 ?@542>48B5;L 42>@O=AB20.  8N=5 1810 3>40 =07=0G5= >A:>2A:8< 3@0640=A:8< 3C15@=0B>@>< 8 2A:>@5 ?@>872545= 2 A5=0B>@K. 0E>48;AO ?@8 >@>48=5, :><0=4CO >4=8< 87 ?>;:>2 <>A:>2A:>3> >?>;G5=8O, 8 CG0AB2>20; 2 40;L=59H8E A@065=8OE 1812 3>40 2?;>BL 4> "0@CB8=A:>3> A@065=8O.  1816 3. 2KH5; 2 >BAB02:C ?> 1>;57=8.</p><p> <p><a name="073"><sup>73</sup></a> 1812 3>4C . 5@>H 7=0G8BAO 2 A?8A:5 8=>AB@0=F52, ?@>6820NI8E 2 >A:25  B> 5ABL : MB><C 2@5<5=8 >= C65 =5 =0E>48;AO =0 A;C615 8 =5 ?@8=>A8; ?@8AO3C =0 @>AA89A:>5 ?>440=AB2>. (>A:20 8 B5G5AB25==0O 2>9=0 1812 3. =. 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A<. 40;55. 0< ?@54AB02;ONBAO A><=8B5;L=K<8 8 B0, 8 4@C30O 8=B5@?@5B0F88. </p><p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <!-- copyright (i6) --><div align="center"><a href="http://www.ucoz.ru/" title="!>740BL A09B 15A?;0B=>"><img style="margin:0;padding:0;border:0;" alt="Hosted by uCoz" src="%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F_files/10.gif" title="Hosted by uCoz" height="15" width="80"></a><br></div><!-- /copyright --> <div> <!--Openstat--> <span id="openstat2323431"></span> <script src="%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F_files/cnt.js" type="text/javascript" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript"> var openstat = { counter: 2323431, next: openstat }; (function(d, t, p) { var j = d.createElement(t); j.async = true; j.type = "text/javascript"; j.src = ("https:" == p ? 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